massacre = pembunuhan besar-besaran
massacring = membantai
captive = tawanan
shallow = dangkal
ditch = parit
grisly = mengerikan
further = lebih lanjut
sharpen = mempertajam
sectarian = picik
tension = ketegangan
Shiites = Syiah
revered = dihormati
vow = sumpah
immediate = segera
twofold = dua kali lipat
disruption = gangguan
bolstered = didukung
advane = memajukan
stalled = terhenti
despite = meskipun // although
particularly = secara khusus
fraction = pecahan
prompt = cepat
gulf = teluk
forging = penempaan
necessary = perlu
secretary = sekretaris
defense secretary = menteri pertahanan
consider = mempertimbangkan
seized = disita
suffering = penderitaan
casualities = korban jiwa
vast = luas
fled = petak
array = susunan
dissaray = kekacauan
withdraw = menarik
fate = nasib
flip flops = sendal jepit
dissemination = penyebaran
sufficient = cukup // enough, adequate
trunk = batang
